Mastering Watercolor Painting: Techniques, Tools & Tips

by Elizabeth Ragona. © 2025 Alabama Art Supply.

This blog is currently under construction. More images coming soon.

Introduction

Watercolor painting is a dynamic and versatile medium that has been beloved by artists for centuries. Whether you're a beginner exploring the beauty of water-based pigments or an experienced painter refining your techniques, understanding the characteristics of watercolor can enhance your creative journey. This Studio Notes™ Art Blog will guide you through the history, composition, types, tools, surfaces, brands, and techniques that make watercolor painting an expressive and rewarding art form.

Note: Some of the products described in this blog are available on our website, but nearly all can be found at our Birmingham store. For availability, call us at 205-322-4741 or visit us in person—we’re happy to help you find exactly what you need!

A Brief History of Watercolor

Watercolor painting has been around for thousands of years—dating all the way back to the Paleolithic era. Early “watercolors” varied widely in their makeup, with some using natural vegetable pigments and others relying on ink or soot. But the one thing they all had in common? Water was always the key ingredient for diluting and applying the paint.

The kind of watercolor we recognize today started to take shape in Europe during the Renaissance and Baroque periods. However, it was mostly used for preliminary sketches, copies, or scientific studies—often seen as a stepping-stone rather than a final artwork.

By the 18th century, watercolors found their way into more practical applications. Mapmakers and engineers used them to illustrate terrain and architectural plans, while the upper class embraced watercolor painting as a refined hobby—one that signaled a good education and artistic taste.

It was around this time that watercolor truly evolved as a fine art medium. Artists like Paul Sandby, Thomas Girtin, and J.M.W. Turner pioneered new techniques, proving that watercolor wasn’t just for studies—it could stand on its own. Their work helped elevate watercolor painting to a respected and widely admired art form.

The watercolors we use today came about in the early 19th century, made from pigment, gum Arabic (as a binder), and additives like glycerin to adjust the consistency. These paints, when mixed with water, give us the brilliant washes and vibrant layers that make watercolor such a versatile and expressive medium.

Historical Overview

Ancient Uses: Early humans used water-based pigments to create cave paintings, while ancient Egyptians applied watercolor techniques to decorate tombs and papyrus scrolls.

Medieval Manuscripts: Artists used watercolor to add detailed illustrations to religious texts, enriching manuscripts with vivid colors and gold leaf embellishments.

Renaissance and Beyond: Artists like Albrecht Dürer pioneered watercolor as a fine art medium, using it for landscape studies and botanical illustrations.

19th and 20th Centuries: Watercolor societies emerged, and artists such as J.M.W. Turner elevated the medium with expressive landscapes and atmospheric effects.

Modern Watercolor: Today, technological advancements have expanded watercolor's possibilities, including synthetic pigments and innovative new formats.

Famous Watercolor Painters and Their Contributions

Watercolor painting has been embraced by many artists throughout history, with each contributing unique techniques, styles, and innovations to the medium. Here are some of the most influential watercolor painters:

Albrecht Dürer (1471–1528, Germany)

• One of the earliest known European artists to use watercolor as a fine art medium.
• Created highly detailed nature studies, such as Young Hare and The Great Piece of Turf.
• His precise application of washes and transparent layers influenced botanical and scientific illustration.

J.M.W. Turner (1775–1851, England)

• A master of light, atmosphere, and movement, Joseph Mallord William Turner’s watercolors capture dramatic landscapes and seascapes.
• Known for expressive and fluid washes, often blending colors seamlessly.
• Famous works include The Blue Rigi and his many studies of Venice and British coastal scenes.
• His innovative approach elevated watercolor to the level of oil painting in the art world.

John Singer Sargent (1856–1925, United States/England)

• Renowned for both his oil portraits and fluid, energetic watercolor landscapes.
• His watercolors captured exotic locations, from Venice to the Middle East.
• Known for his bold, confident brushstrokes and use of light, particularly in The Bridge of Sighs and Bedouins.

Winslow Homer (1836–1910, United States)

• A leading American realist painter who used watercolors for both landscapes and marine subjects.
• Developed innovative techniques in color layering and dry brush effects.
• Notable paintings include Boys in a Dory and The Gulf Stream.

John James Audubon (1785–1851, United States)

• Renowned for his detailed bird illustrations, Audubon’s The Birds of America (1827–1839) remains one of the most celebrated collections of wildlife art, showcasing his masterful use of watercolor to capture lifelike textures and vibrant plumage.
• Combined scientific accuracy with artistic beauty, using watercolor, gouache, and ink to create dynamic, naturalistic compositions of birds in their habitats—revolutionizing ornithological illustration.
• Pioneered field study sketching, observing birds in the wild and using innovative techniques to portray movement and personality, influencing generations of wildlife artists.

Georgia O’Keeffe (1887–1986, United States)

• Best known for her large-scale oil paintings of flowers, O’Keeffe also worked extensively in watercolor in her early career.
• Her watercolors, often abstract and expressive, explored color and form with fluidity.
• Early works like Blue No. 1 showcase her innovative approach to color blending.

Andrew Wyeth (1917–2009, United States)

• Known for his detailed realism and subdued color palettes.
• Used watercolor to capture rural landscapes and intimate interior scenes.
• Famous works include Christina’s World and Wind from the Sea.

Charles Burchfield (1893–1967, United States)

• Created expressive and almost mystical watercolor landscapes filled with vibrant, exaggerated colors.
• His work often reflected nature’s emotional and seasonal changes.
• Pieces like December Storm highlight his unique style of capturing atmospheric conditions.

Beatrix Potter (1866–1943, England)

• Famous for her children’s book illustrations, including The Tale of Peter Rabbit.
• Her delicate and detailed watercolors brought animal characters to life.
• Also painted botanical studies with scientific accuracy.

Thomas Moran (1837–1926, United States)

• Known for breathtaking watercolors of the American West, particularly Yellowstone and the Grand Canyon.
• His work helped influence the establishment of U.S. National Parks.
• Paintings like Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone showcase his luminous, grand landscapes.

The Lasting Influence of Watercolor Artists

These artists pushed the boundaries of watercolor painting, using it not just for studies but as a legitimate and expressive medium. Their contributions continue to inspire watercolorists today, proving that the medium is as powerful and versatile as oils or acrylics. Whether used for delicate detail, abstract expression, or grand landscapes, watercolor remains an essential part of artistic tradition.

About Watercolor Paint

Forms of Watercolor Paint

Watercolor is available in multiple forms, each offering unique advantages.

Tubes: Contain highly pigmented paint with a creamy consistency. Ideal for large washes and strong color applications. Tube paint can also be used to fill empty pans and allowed to dry, creating custom pan sets.

Pans (and Half-Pans): Dried, solid cakes of paint that activate with water. Compact and travel-friendly. Dried watercolor in a pan can always be reactivated with water, so never throw away dried-out paints.

Watercolor Pencils: Can be used dry for detailed drawings or activated with water for a painterly effect.

Watercolor Crayons and Sticks: Highly pigmented and water-soluble, offering vibrant textures.

Watercolor Markers: Deliver bold strokes and are perfect for sketching and quick applications.

Liquid Watercolor Ink: Highly fluid and vibrant, often used in calligraphy, mixed media, and expressive washes.

Watercolor Tubes vs Pans

 

What Makes Watercolor? Pigments and Binders in Watercolor

The composition of watercolor paints plays a crucial role in their performance. Understanding pigments and binders helps artists make informed choices.

Pigments: These finely ground particles provide color and are sourced from minerals, plants, or synthetic compounds. Some pigments are more lightfast than others, affecting a painting's longevity.

Binders: The primary binder, gum arabic, dissolves in water and allows pigments to adhere to the painting surface while influencing paint flow and transparency.

Additives: Ingredients such as honey (which enhances moisture retention), glycerin (which improves paint flexibility), and ox gall (which increases pigment dispersion) modify paint behavior.

 

Masstone vs. Undertone: Unlocking the True Nature of Watercolor Pigments

When selecting and mixing watercolors, understanding masstone and undertone can help you achieve more accurate and vibrant results.

Masstone: The Surface Color

Masstone is the color you see when paint is applied thickly or straight from the tube. This is its most concentrated appearance, showing how opaque or transparent a pigment can be.

Undertone: The Hidden Hue

Undertone appears when the paint is thinned out or spread in a wash. This subtle underlying color often differs from the masstone and is crucial for mixing harmonious colors. For example, some blues lean green in their undertone (Phthalo Blue), while others lean violet (Ultramarine).

How to Test:

• Swatch your paint with a thick application at one end and gradually dilute it into a wash.
• Scrape a bit of paint onto white paper with a palette knife to reveal the undertone.

📌 Pro Tip: When mixing colors, always consider undertones. A red with a blue undertone (Alizarin Crimson) will mix differently than one with an orange undertone (Cadmium Red). This knowledge helps avoid muddy colors and ensures vibrant blends.

Transparent Watercolor vs. Gouache

Watercolor paints vary in transparency and opacity, which affects layering and mixing techniques.

Key Differences

Transparent Watercolor: Allows light to pass through, creating a luminous effect. Used for glazing and soft transitions.

Gouache: Compared to transparent watercolor, gouache contains a higher percentage of pigment to gum arabic binder, which obscures underlying layers. Useful for bold strokes and strong color applications, this opaque, highly-pigmented watercolor provides a velvety matte finish and it is popular among illustrators and designers.

 

Watercolor Mediums and Products

Artists can enhance their watercolor paintings with various mediums that modify paint behavior.

Common Mediums and Their Uses

Masking Fluid (Frisket): A latex-based liquid that preserves white areas by resisting watercolor.

Granulation Medium: Increases texture by encouraging pigment particles to settle into paper fibers.

Gum Arabic: Enhances transparency, gloss, and flow while slowing drying time.

Ox Gall: Improves paint flow and blending properties, particularly for wet-on-wet techniques.

Texture Mediums: Available in various forms, including coarse, smooth, and absorbent mediums, to create different surface effects.

Grounds: Watercolor ground allows painting on non-traditional surfaces like wood, canvas, or glass. Available in white, black, and tinted options to alter the final appearance.

Discover Winsor & Newton Iridescent Medium

 

Watercolor Paint Brands

Watercolor brands vary in pigment quality, pricing, and available color ranges. Here is information about the brands sold at Alabama Art Supply.

 Winsor & Newton

• Professional & Student Grades Available – Offers Artists’ Watercolour (professional) and Cotman (student-grade) lines.
• Highly Lightfast Pigments – Most colors are permanent and do not fade over time.
• Smooth, Consistent Application – Trusted by artists for even washes and strong color mixing properties.
• Transparent & Granulating Options – A broad range of colors, including granulating and staining pigments.
• Best For: Artists looking for reliable, high-quality watercolors with excellent color stability and professional consistency.

Daniel Smith

• Largest Range of Colors – Over 250 colors, including unique mineral-based pigments (e.g., Serpentine, Amethyst Genuine).
• Primatek Series – Special line of natural mineral pigments that create unique textures.
• Highly Pigmented – Very concentrated colors that can be used at full strength or diluted for delicate washes.
• Exceptional Lightfastness – Most colors are rated as extremely permanent.
• Best For: Artists who love vibrant, intense colors and experimental, granulating effects.

Holbein

• No Ox Gall or Dispersing Agents – Provides more control over paint flow, making it great for precision work.
• Bright, High-Impact Colors – Colors are pure, smooth, and consistent, without unwanted mixing shifts.
• Less Granulation – Works well for flat washes and controlled techniques.
• Does Not Rewet as Easily – Once dried, Holbein paint resists lifting more than other brands.
• Best For: Artists who need crisp edges, bold colors, and highly controlled paint flow.

 QoR (Golden Artist Colors)

• Aquazol® Binder Instead of Gum Arabic – Increases pigment strength and rewetting ability.
• High-Intensity Colors – Colors appear more vibrant and deep compared to other brands.
• Incredible Transparency – Perfect for glazing and layering techniques.
• Less Cracking in Pans – Stays more flexible when dry, unlike some traditional pan paints.
• Best For: Artists who want highly pigmented, modern watercolors with extra color vibrancy and smooth rewetting. 

Koi Watercolors (Sakura)

• Affordable & Highly Pigmented – A budget-friendly, student-grade option with surprisingly strong color payoff.
• Great for Beginners & Sketching – Easy-to-use pan sets are great for travel and quick studies.
• Portable Watercolor Sets – Often comes with built-in palettes and water brushes.
• Good Transparency but Less Lightfast – Some colors may fade over time, making them better for sketchbooks than archival work.
• Best For: Students, beginners, and artists looking for a compact, affordable travel watercolor kit.

Cotman (Winsor & Newton Student Line)

• Affordable yet Reliable – Designed for students and beginners, offering good pigment quality at a lower price.
• Lower Pigment Load – Compared to Winsor & Newton’s professional line, Cotman has more binder and less pigment, resulting in less intense colors.
• Smooth & Consistent Application – Flows well and works great for washes and layering.
• Limited Lightfastness in Some Colors – While many are lightfast, some student-grade colors may fade over time.
• Best For: Beginners and students looking for a dependable, easy-to-use watercolor set without the high price of professional paints. Ideal for learning techniques, sketching, and practice.

Van Gogh (Royal Talens Student/Intermediate Line)

• High Pigment Concentration for a Student Line – Van Gogh has richer colors compared to most student-grade watercolors, making it a good mid-level option.
• Better Transparency & Layering – Many colors remain bright and translucent, allowing for better glazing.
• Stronger Lightfastness – More colors are rated as permanent compared to other student brands.
• Comes in Pans & Tubes – Provides flexibility for artists who prefer one format over the other.
• Best For: Students, hobbyists, and intermediate artists who want a balance of affordability and high color quality. Great for those moving toward professional-grade paints but not ready to invest in top-tier brands yet.

Grumbacher Academy Watercolors

• Made in the USA – A well-known student-grade watercolor manufactured by Grumbacher, a reputable art supply company.
• Stronger Color Intensity than Most Student Brands – While still student-grade, Academy watercolors are more vibrant than Cotman but less saturated than Van Gogh.
• Smooth Consistency & Easy Mixing – Colors blend well and don’t separate as much as lower-quality watercolors.
• Affordable for Beginners & Classrooms – Often recommended for schools, workshops, and group settings.
• Best For: Beginners, students, and classroom environments where good-quality watercolors are needed at a reasonable price.

 

Watercolors for Kids and Schools

For young artists and school settings, watercolors come in safer, more affordable formulations.

Recommended Brands

• Prang: Washable and vibrant, designed for easy use by children.

• Crayola: Affordable and widely available for classroom use.

Key Benefits

• Non-toxic and washable formulations for younger children.
• Student-grade brands offer better pigment load and mixing properties.
• Wide range of colors available for exploration and experimentation.

Brands and the Products They Offer

Brand	Grade	Binder Type	Transparency	Rewetting Ability	Color Intensity	Granulation	Best For
Winsor & Newton Professional	Pro	Gum Arabic	Varies (mostly transparent)	Excellent	High	Some colors	Artists seeking a balanced, classic professional  watercolor
Daniel Smith	Pro	Gum Arabic	Varies (many transparent)	Excellent	Very High	Many colors	Artists wanting the largest color selection & unique pigments
Holbein	Pro	Gum Arabic	Transparent to Semi-Opaque	Moderate	Very High	Minimal	Artists needing bold, smooth color with controlled flow
QoR	Pro	Aquazol	Highly Transparent	Very High	Extremely High	Minimal	Painters wanting ultra-vibrant, modern  watercolor options
Cotman (Winsor & Newton)	Student	Gum Arabic	Mostly Transparent	Good	Moderate	Minimal	Beginners needing an affordable, easy-to-use option
Van Gogh	Student/Inter-mediate	Gum Arabic	Mostly Transparent	Good	Moderate to High	Minimal	Students and intermediate artists transitioning to pro paint
Grumbacher Academy	Student	Gum Arabic	Semi-Transparent	Good	Moderate	Minimal	Classroom settings, budget-friendly student use
Koi Watercolors	Student	Gum Arabic	Semi-Transparent	Good	Moderate	Minimal	Beginners and casual artists looking for travel-friendly sets

 

Brands That Offer Watercolor Pencils, Markers & Crayons

Brand	Quality Level	Watercolor Pencils	Watercolor Markers	Watercolor Crayons
Faber-Castell	Professional	Yes	No	No
Derwent	Professional/Intermediate	Yes	No	No
Caran d'Ache	Professional	Yes	Yes	Yes
Prismacolor	Student/Intermediate	No	No	No
Staedtler	Student/Intermediate	Yes	No	No
Koh-I-Noor	Intermediate	Yes	No	No
Winsor & Newton	Professional	Yes	Yes	No
Stabilo	Student	Yes	Yes	No
Arteza	Student	Yes	Yes	No
Tombow	Student/Intermediate	No	Yes	No
Lyra	Student/Intermediate	Yes	No	Yes
Kuretake	Professional/Intermediate	No	Yes	No

 

Watercolor Surfaces and Preparation

Selecting the right surface influences paint absorption, blending, and overall results.

Surfaces to Consider

Watercolor Paper: Available in hot-pressed (smooth), cold-pressed (textured), and rough varieties. Different weights (e.g., 140 lb, 300 lb) affect absorbency.

Ampersand Aquabord: A clay-coated panel that absorbs watercolors while allowing lifting and reworking.

Watercolor Canvas: Specially prepared for watercolor painting, providing a more durable surface than paper.

DIY Preparation: Artists can prepare wood, fabric, or other surfaces with absorbent ground or watercolor gesso.

Watercolor Paper: What You Need to Know

Watercolor paper is a crucial component of watercolor painting, as it affects how paint behaves on the surface. Choosing the right paper depends on factors such as weight, texture, sizing, and format.

Weight

Watercolor paper is measured in pounds (lb) or grams per square meter (gsm). The weight determines how much water the paper can absorb before buckling.

• 90 lb (190 gsm) – Lightweight; best for sketching or light washes. Often buckles when wet.
• 140 lb (300 gsm) – The most commonly used weight, offering a balance between absorbency and durability. May require stretching for heavy washes.
• 200 lb (425 gsm) & 300 lb (640 gsm) – Heavyweight papers that can handle multiple washes without warping. Typically do not need stretching.

Texture

Watercolor paper comes in different textures that affect paint application and detail work.

• Hot-Pressed (HP) – Very smooth surface with minimal texture. Ideal for fine details, botanical painting, and illustration.
• Cold-Pressed (CP) or NOT (Not Hot-Pressed) – A slightly textured surface that balances detail and water absorption. Most commonly used among watercolorists.
• Rough – Highly textured with a pronounced grain. Creates interesting effects but may be challenging for precise detail work.

Sizing

Sizing refers to the treatment applied to watercolor paper to control absorbency. It prevents the paper from absorbing water too quickly and allows for lifting techniques. Most watercolor papers are treated with gelatin or synthetic sizing, applied either internally (within the fibers) or externally (on the surface).

• Hard-sized – More resistant to water, allowing for easy lifting of pigment.
• Soft-sized – More absorbent, making it better suited for wet-in-wet techniques.
• Unsized – Very absorbent, similar to blotting paper, which makes it challenging for traditional watercolor techniques.

Formats & Availability

Watercolor paper is available in various formats to suit different working styles.

• Sheets – Sold individually in large sizes (22"x30" is standard). Ideal for custom cuts and large paintings.
• Pads – Bound on one edge, available in different sizes (9"x12", 11"x15", etc.), convenient for practice and travel.
• Blocks – Glued on all four sides to prevent warping; allows for painting directly without taping or stretching.
• Rolls – Large-scale option for custom sizes, often used by muralists and professionals.
• Sketchbooks – Watercolor-friendly sketchbooks are available for portable use, often bound in hardcover or spiral form.

Popular Watercolor Paper Brands

There are many high-quality watercolor paper brands, each with unique properties. Choosing the right watercolor paper depends on your painting style, technique, and budget. Whether you're looking for a professional-grade option like Arches or a student-friendly alternative like Canson XL, understanding paper properties will help you get the best results.

Arches – One of the most widely used professional brands, 100% cotton with strong sizing. Available in all textures and weights.

Fabriano Artistico – Italian-made 100% cotton paper with a softer feel. Available in extra-white and traditional white.

Saunders Waterford – Premium handmade paper from the UK, favored by many professional artists.

Canson XL – A budget-friendly option designed for students, usually cellulose-based rather than cotton.

Strathmore – Offers a variety of watercolor papers, including cotton-based options in their 500 series.

Hahnemühle – A high-quality European brand with excellent archival properties.

Stonehenge Aqua – Known for its absorbency and high cotton content.

Watercolor Paper Brands

Brand	Paper Type	Available Textures	Weight Options	Binding Formats	Best For
Arches	100% Cotton	Hot Press, Cold Press, Rough	140lb, 300lb	Sheets, Blocks, Pads, Rolls	Professional artists needing archival, durable paper
Fabriano	100% Cotton	Hot Press, Cold Press, Rough	90lb, 140lb, 300lb	Sheets, Blocks, Pads	Artists who want premium European paper with excellent absorbency
Saunders Waterford	100% Cotton	Hot Press, Cold Press, Rough	140lb, 200lb, 300lb	Sheets, Blocks, Pads	Painters looking for a soft-textured, high-quality cotton paper
Strathmore	Cellulose & Cotton Blends	Hot Press, Cold Press	90lb, 140lb, 300lb	Pads, Spiral-bound, Sheets	Students & intermediate artists needing a mix of affordability and quality
Canson	Cellulose	Cold Press, Rough	90lb, 140lb	Pads, Spiral-bound	Beginners & casual artists looking for budget-friendly paper
Hahnemühle	Cotton & Alpha Cellulose	Hot Press, Cold Press, Rough	90lb, 140lb, 300lb	Sheets, Blocks, Pads	Artists needing a blend of cotton & cellulose for good absorption
Bee Paper	Cellulose	Cold Press	90lb, 140lb	Pads, Spiral-bound	Sketching, practice, and beginner watercolor painting
Legion Stonehenge	Cotton & Blends	Hot Press, Cold Press, Rough	90lb, 140lb, 300lb	Sheets, Blocks, Pads	Artists who want a high-quality, versatile cotton blend paper
Baohong	100% Cotton	Cold Press, Rough	140lb, 300lb	Sheets, Blocks, Pads	Artists looking for a competitive, professional-grade cotton paper
Winsor & Newton	Cotton & Cellulose	Cold Press, Rough	90lb, 140lb	Pads, Sheets	Affordable alternative for beginner & intermediate artists
Fluid	Cellulose	Cold Press, Hot Press	140lb	Pads, Blocks	Budget-conscious artists looking for practice paper with decent quality
Fluid 100	100% Cotton	Cold Press, Hot Press	140lb, 300lb	Pads, Blocks	Artists who want 100% cotton paper at an affordable price

 

Yupo Paper: A Unique Surface for Watercolors

Yupo paper is a synthetic, non-porous, and waterproof surface that offers a completely different experience from traditional watercolor paper. Made from polypropylene, it does not absorb water, which dramatically changes how watercolor paint behaves.

Yupo paper provides a modern and experimental approach to watercolor painting. It’s an excellent surface for artists looking to push the boundaries of watercolor, allowing for high color vibrancy, fluid blending, and easy lifting. However, it requires a different technique than traditional watercolor paper, making it best suited for artists who enjoy unpredictability and fluidity in their work.

Key Characteristics of Yupo Paper

• Non-Absorbent Surface – Unlike cotton or cellulose watercolor paper, Yupo does not soak in pigment or water. Instead, paint sits on the surface, allowing for long working times and unique effects.
• Highly Smooth & Slick – The lack of texture means colors flow freely, making it ideal for abstract painting, fluid washes, and experimental techniques.
• Water-Resistant – Paint does not soak in, which means colors can be lifted back to pure white at any time, even after drying.
• Long Drying Time – Since water does not absorb, paint takes longer to dry, allowing for extended manipulation and blending.
• Durability – Tear-resistant and strong, making it great for mixed media and layering techniques.

How Watercolors Behave on Yupo Paper

• Color Movement – Since the paint sits on top, colors flow and merge freely, making wet-in-wet techniques highly unpredictable but visually striking.
• Lifting & Erasing – Watercolor can be easily lifted with a damp brush or paper towel, allowing for corrections or unique layered effects.
• Layering & Glazing – Since Yupo does not absorb pigment, layering is challenging. The previous layer can be reactivated, so artists must use a light touch.
• Bold & Vibrant Colors – Without absorption, colors stay bright and intense, creating an almost glowing effect.

Best Uses for Yupo Paper in Watercolor Painting

• Abstract Watercolor Techniques – The fluid movement of paint on Yupo makes it ideal for spontaneous, expressive works.
• Loose Landscapes & Cloud Effects – The ability to lift and manipulate paint creates dreamy, atmospheric effects.
• Ink & Watercolor Combinations – Waterproof ink can be used alongside watercolor for striking contrast.
• Monoprinting & Mixed Media – Yupo's durable surface allows for layering with alcohol inks, acrylics, and pastels.

Ashley Mahleberg, @Inkreel, Alcohol Ink on YUPO®. Image courtesy of Legion Paper.

Considerations When Using Yupo Paper

• ⛔ Requires Fixative – Since watercolor remains on the surface, it is susceptible to smudging. A spray fixative or varnish is recommended for finished work.
• Difficult for Detailed Work – The slick surface makes it challenging to create fine, controlled lines.
• Handling & Storage – Fingerprints and oils from hands can resist paint, so handling with clean hands or gloves is advisable.

How to Buy Yupo Paper

• Available in sheets, pads, and rolls. Common sizes range from 5”x7” to 20”x26”, with larger sheets available for experimental work.
• Comes in white and translucent versions, with translucent being popular for layering effects.
• Brands That Offer Yupo Paper: Legion Paper Yupo, Stonehenge Aqua Synthetic, and various generic synthetic papers.

Brushes, Water Brushes, and Other Painting Tools for Watercolors

Watercolor painting requires specific tools that help control paint application, texture, and effects. From traditional brushes to modern innovations like water brushes, each tool serves a unique purpose.

Each watercolor tool enhances the painting process, offering new ways to apply, blend, and manipulate pigment. Whether you prefer traditional brushes, innovative water brushes, or experimental textures, having the right tools ensures you get the most from your watercolor practice.

 

Watercolor Brushes

Watercolor brushes are designed to hold water and pigment efficiently while maintaining their shape. The type of brush you choose affects your painting’s detail, stroke quality, and blending capabilities.

Brush Shapes and Their Uses

Round Brushes – The most versatile! These taper to a fine point, allowing for both detailed work and broader strokes depending on pressure. Best for: General painting, outlines, and controlled washes.

Flat Brushes – (Flat, Stroke, Bright, Ideal for bold strokes, washes, and sharp edges. A 1” or ¾” flat brush is great for backgrounds and covering large areas smoothly. Best for: Skies, landscapes, and structured shapes.

Mop Brushes – Super absorbent and designed for laying down a lot of water or color quickly. Best for: Loose washes and wet-on-wet techniques.

Detail (Rigger/Liner) Brushes – Fine, long bristles designed for thin lines, calligraphy, or intricate details. Best for: Lettering, thin branches, and whiskers.

Fan Brushes – Creates soft textures and natural patterns in a loose style. Best for: Grass, fur, foliage, and texture effects.

Water Brushes – These brushes have a built-in water reservoir, making them great for travel and sketching on the go. Best for: Plein air painting and urban sketching.

📌 Pro Tip: Start with at least three brushes—a round brush (size 8-12), a flat brush (1-inch or ¾-inch), and a detail brush—for versatility in your painting.

Brush Bristle Types

Natural Hair – Includes sable, squirrel, and goat hair. Holds a lot of water and pigment, allowing for smooth applications.

Kolinsky Sable – The highest-quality natural brush, known for its fine point and springiness.

Squirrel Hair – Holds a lot of water, great for soft washes and blending.

Synthetic Bristles – More affordable and durable, with modern synthetics mimicking the qualities of natural hair. Many top brands now offer high-quality synthetic alternatives.

Blended Brushes – A mix of synthetic and natural hair, providing a balance of absorbency, durability, and affordability.

Discover Winsor & Newton Professional Watercolor Synthetic Sable Brushes

 

Water Brushes

Water brushes are innovative tools with built-in reservoirs that allow water to flow through the bristles as you paint.

Advantages: Portable, eliminates the need for a separate water cup, ideal for sketching and travel painting.

Limitations: Can sometimes release too much or too little water, requiring adjustment.

Brands: Pentel, Kuretake, Derwent, and Arteza all offer popular water brush models.

 

Other Essential Painting Tools

Palettes

Plastic or Ceramic Palettes – Used for mixing colors; ceramic palettes retain moisture better and prevent beading.

Folding Palettes – Great for portability and plein air painting.

Masterson Aqua Pro Palette

• Large Mixing Area – The spacious layout provides plenty of room for blending and mixing colors efficiently.
• Airtight Lid – Helps keep paints moist for extended periods, reducing waste.
• Removable Mixing Tray – Easy to clean and allows for different mixing sections.
• Durable Plastic Construction – Sturdy and long-lasting for both studio and travel use.
• Works with All Water-Based Media – Suitable for watercolors, gouache, acrylics, and inks.
• Best For: Artists who want to keep their watercolors fresh between sessions and need ample space for mixing colors without contamination.

Mijello Fusion Airtight Watercolor Palette

• Airtight Seal – Prevents paint from drying out between sessions, making it perfect for long-term use.
• Leakproof Design – Ideal for travel and plein air painting.
• Large Mixing Area – Features spacious wells and a central mixing zone for easy color blending.
• Durable and Easy to Clean – Made from sturdy plastic that resists staining.
• Best For: Artists who want a reliable, airtight palette to keep watercolors fresh and prevent waste.

 

Sponges

Natural Sponges – Used for lifting paint, creating texture, and softening edges.

Synthetic Sponges – Offer similar effects but are more uniform in texture.

 

Masking Fluid & Masking Tape

Masking Fluid (Frisket) – A rubber-based liquid applied to preserve white areas of the paper. Removed after painting is dry. ⛔ Masking Fluid can damage brushes. D Not use your best brushes to apply masking fluid.

Masking Tape – Used to create clean edges or reserve white space. Choose low-tack tape to prevent tearing paper.

Discover Winsor & Newton Masking Fluid

 

Spray Bottles & Droppers

Spray Bottles – Used to wet the paper before painting or create interesting water effects.

Droppers & Pipettes – Useful for controlled water application and unique dripped textures.

 

Salt & Alcohol

Salt – Sprinkled onto wet paint to create organic, textured patterns.

Rubbing Alcohol – Repels pigment, creating bubble-like effects.

 

Pens & Ink

Waterproof Pens – Used for line work and details before or after painting (Micron, Copic, Faber-Castell).

Liquid Ink & Dip Pens – Can be used for dramatic linework and calligraphy effects.

 

Brayer & Gel Plate

Brayers – Useful for applying even washes and background textures.

Gel Plates – Used for monoprinting techniques with watercolors.

Watercolor Painting Techniques

Mastering watercolor techniques allows artists to create stunning and diverse effects. Because watercolors rely on transparency, mastering color layering, glazing, and blending is crucial for achieving depth and richness in paintings. Instead of mixing all colors on a palette, watercolorists embrace optical mixing by layering colors, letting light pass through, and allowing pigments to interact naturally.

Mastering these techniques allows watercolor artists to expand their creative potential and achieve a wide range of effects, from soft and dreamy to bold and textural.

 

Wet-on-Wet

• Soft Transitions & Natural Blending
• Best For: Skies, water reflections, soft backgrounds, atmospheric effects

How It Works:

1. Pre-wet the paper with clean water using a large brush or spray bottle.
2. Load your brush with diluted paint and drop it into the wet surface.
3. Let colors spread naturally—they will merge and blend organically.
4. Tilt the paper to direct pigment flow if needed.
5. Allow it to dry before adding details to preserve soft edges.

📌 Pro Tip: Use this technique for ethereal washes and delicate color transitions. More water means softer edges!

Using Winsor & Newton Blending Medium

 

Wet-on-Dry

• Crisp, Controlled Brushstrokes
• Best For: Detailed work, defining edges, layering, and glazing

How It Works:

1. Start with dry paper and load your brush with paint.
2. Apply paint directly to create sharp, defined edges.
3. For layering, allow previous washes to dry before adding new layers.
4. To soften an edge, blend it with a damp brush while the paint is still wet.

📌 Pro Tip: Wet-on-dry gives you the most control—perfect for architecture, botanicals, and intricate details.

 

Glazing

• Building Depth & Luminous Color
• Best For: Layering, creating depth in portraits, shadows, and landscapes

How It Works:

1. Apply a thin, transparent layer of color and let it fully dry.
2. Add a second wash of color over the first, allowing previous layers to subtly show through.
3. Repeat with multiple layers to enhance richness and complexity.

📌 Pro Tip: Use transparent colors like Quinacridone Gold, Cobalt Blue, or Alizarin Crimson for the best glazing effects!

 

Dry Brush

• Textured, Rough Effects
• Best For: Grass, bark, fabric textures, or painterly brushwork

How It Works:

1. Use a dry brush with minimal water.
2. Load the brush with thick paint and drag it across dry paper.
3. The bristles will catch on the paper’s texture, leaving broken, streaky marks.

📌 Pro Tip: Use rough-textured paper for maximum effect—great for capturing the raw textures of nature!

Creating Textures 

 

Lifting

• Removing Paint for Highlights & Corrections
• Best For: Cloud highlights, softening edges, or fixing mistakes

How It Works:

1. Blot wet paint with a tissue or paper towel to create a highlight.
2. Use a damp brush to lift pigment in areas that need lightening.
3. For dry paint, use a stiff brush or sponge to gently scrub off pigment.

📌 Pro Tip: Some colors lift better than others—staining pigments like Phthalo Blue are harder to remove!

 

Salt Texture

• Organic, Crystalized Patterns
• Best For: Abstract textures, galaxy effects, water ripples

How It Works:

1. Apply a generous wet wash of paint to the paper.
2. Sprinkle salt onto the wet area and let it dry completely.
3. Once dry, gently brush off the salt to reveal intricate, crystallized textures.

📌 Pro Tip: Coarse salt creates larger patterns, while fine salt makes subtle textures. Try experimenting with both!

 

Spattering

• Dynamic & Expressive Texture
• Best For: Starry skies, sand, freckles, random organic effects

How It Works:

1. Load a brush with diluted paint.
2. Flick the bristles using your finger or another brush.
3. Adjust the distance and amount of paint for different effects—closer for dense splatters, farther for light specks.

📌 Pro Tip: Use a toothbrush for finer splatter control, and cover areas you don’t want splattered!

Graded Wash

Smooth Transition from Dark to Light
Best For: Creating depth, skies, backgrounds, and subtle shading

How It Works:

1. Start with a slightly tilted surface for better flow.
2. Load your brush with a rich, wet mixture of paint and apply it to the top of your paper.
3. Gradually dilute the paint with water as you move downward, creating a smooth gradient.
4. Use horizontal strokes, overlapping slightly to maintain even color transition.

📌 Pro Tip: Work quickly and keep the paper evenly wet to avoid streaks. Try using a large brush for smoother blending in skies and landscapes.

Practice Exercises

Try this watercolor tutorial from Winsor and Newton: Watercolor How-to Guide

 

Negative Painting

Negative painting is a powerful watercolor technique where you paint around a subject rather than directly filling it in. Instead of focusing on adding color to an object, you define its shape by painting the background or surrounding areas. This technique is especially useful for creating depth, dimension, and intricate details without outlining objects.

Negative painting is a unique approach that helps artists think differently about layering and depth. By focusing on what's not painted instead of what is, it offers a fresh way to build luminous, layered watercolor paintings. With practice, this technique can bring added dimension and realism to your work while preserving the signature fluidity of watercolor!

 

Why Use Negative Painting?

Creates Depth and Layers – Allows for a gradual build-up of foreground and background elements.

Enhances Highlights – Leaves sections of the paper untouched, using the white of the paper for highlights.

Develops Intricate Details – Great for painting foliage, florals, animals, and abstracts.

Encourages a Different Approach to Painting – Forces artists to think in shapes and layers rather than lines and filling.

 

How to Do Negative Painting in Watercolor

Sketch the Subject Lightly

• Use a light pencil (2H or HB) to outline only the main shapes you want to keep white or lighter.
• Avoid hard edges or heavy graphite, as they may show through the final painting.

Establish a Light Wash for the Background

• Apply a light wash of color around the subject to create the first layer of depth.
• Let it dry before adding deeper layers.

Start Layering Darker Values

• Instead of filling in your main subject, paint around it with a slightly darker color.
• Each layer gets progressively darker, pushing the background further back and making the subject stand out.

Refine the Edges & Details

• Use a small round brush (size 4 or smaller) for fine details.
• Adjust edges by softening with a damp brush for a more natural transition.

Add More Depth if Needed

• Let the painting fully dry between layers to avoid unwanted blending.
• You can go as dark as necessary in the background to make the foreground pop.

 

When to Use Negative Painting?

Botanical Painting – Leaves, flowers, and plant stems appear more natural when defined by darker background tones.

Foliage & Trees – Instead of painting every leaf, paint around them for a more realistic effect.

Animals & Wildlife – Create soft fur, feathers, or patterns by defining the space around them.

Abstract Art – Build organic shapes and illusions using layered background washes.

Lettering & Calligraphy – Use negative space to make words or quotes stand out.

 

Tips for Mastering Negative Painting

Plan the Composition – Visualize layers before starting.

Keep Brushes Clean – Control water and pigment to avoid muddy colors.

Work in Layers – Gradually build depth instead of trying to get it perfect in one pass.

Use Transparent Colors – This prevents the background from becoming too heavy or opaque.

Practice with Simple Shapes – Start with basic leaves or geometric patterns before moving on to complex compositions.

Color Mixing and Blending in Watercolors

Because watercolors are transparent, layering and blending behave differently than in opaque media like oils or acrylics.

Mixing Colors on the Palette vs. On Paper

• Mixing on the Palette – Creates more predictable and controlled results. Useful for uniform color application.
• Mixing on Paper (Glazing & Wet-in-Wet) – Produces spontaneous and fluid color interactions, allowing for soft gradients.

Layering (Glazing) in Watercolor

• Glazing is the process of layering thin washes of color over dried layers to build depth and richness.
• Since previous layers remain visible, the colors interact optically, rather than mixing physically.
• Example: A yellow wash over blue creates a luminous green, rather than a dull, muddy mix.

Wet-in-Wet Blending

• Wet-in-wet techniques involve adding pigment to a damp surface, allowing colors to flow and merge organically.
• Ideal for soft backgrounds, skies, and natural gradients.
• The amount of water controls the softness of edges—more water results in smoother blends.

Wet-on-Dry Blending

• Wet-on-dry techniques involve painting a wet stroke onto dry paper or a dry layer of paint.
• Allows for sharper edges and more controlled blending.
• Great for glazing, layering, and defining details.

Creating Neutral Colors and Shadows

• Mixing complementary colors in the right proportions creates neutral grays and browns, which are crucial for painting realistic shadows and muted tones.
• Example: Blue + orange = grayish brown; red + green = deep brown.
• Instead of using black from a tube, mixing your own darks (e.g., ultramarine blue + burnt sienna) leads to richer, more vibrant shadows.

Color Strategies for Watercolor Artists

Limiting Your Palette for Harmony

• Using a limited color palette (3–6 colors) helps maintain harmony in a painting.
• Many artists use a split-primary palette (a warm and cool version of each primary) to mix a wide range of colors efficiently.

 

Granulating vs. Non-Granulating Colors

• Granulating colors (like ultramarine blue and burnt sienna) create texture as pigment particles settle into the paper.
• Non-granulating colors (like phthalo blue) result in smoother washes.

 

Staining vs. Lifting Colors

• Staining pigments (like alizarin crimson, phthalo blue) bind to paper and are difficult to lift or erase.
• Non-staining pigments (like cerulean blue) can be easily lifted with water and a tissue.
• Knowing which colors stain helps in planning corrections and layering techniques.

Watercolor Painting for Different Subjects

Landscapes

Landscapes are one of the most popular subjects for watercolor artists. Techniques include:

Washes for Skies – Use wet-on-wet techniques to blend soft skies with smooth transitions.

Layering for Depth – Start with light washes for distant elements and increase pigment intensity for foreground details.

Dry Brush for Texture – Apply minimal water for tree bark, grass, or rocky textures.

Atmospheric Perspective – Use cool, muted colors for distant elements and warm, vibrant hues for closer details.

 

Portraits & Figures

Watercolor portraits require careful control of layering and blending:

Building Skin Tones – Layer transparent washes of warm and cool colors for realistic skin tones.

Softening Edges – Keep features fluid and lifelike using controlled wet-on-wet techniques.

Details in the Eyes and Lips – Use glazing to add depth while maintaining the medium's luminosity.

 

Botanical & Floral Painting

Botanical watercolors demand precision and controlled layering:

Glazing for Petals and Leaves – Use transparent layers to create depth and realism.

Color Fading for Soft Effects – Lift pigment to create delicate petal transitions.

Fine Details with a Rigger Brush – Perfect for veins in leaves and subtle edges.

 

Urban Sketching

Watercolor is a great medium for quick and expressive urban sketching:

Loose Washes for Buildings – Capture architectural elements without rigid outlines.

Perspective Techniques – Use light washes for distant buildings and stronger contrast in foreground elements.

Adding People and Motion – Use quick strokes for lively city scenes.

 

Pro Tips for Watercolor Painting

Practical tips can improve your watercolor painting experience. By mastering water management and mistake correction, you’ll gain confidence in your watercolor skills and achieve more polished results.

 

Controlling Water: Adjusting Paint-to-Water Ratios for Different Effects

One of the trickiest parts of watercolor is managing the balance of pigment and water. Watercolor relies on dilution, and the more water you add, the lighter and more transparent the color will be.

Water Control Guidelines:

Full Pigment (Very Little Water) – Produces rich, opaque strokes that are closest to gouache. Best for bold accents and deep shadows.

Creamy Consistency (Moderate Water) – The balance between thick pigment and flow. Best for base washes and mid-tones.

Tea or Transparent Wash (High Water Ratio) – A very diluted wash that creates soft backgrounds and gentle color transitions. Best for skies, mist, and atmospheric effects.

Glazing Consistency (Thin Layers) – A light, even mix used for layering transparent color without disturbing previous layers. Best for adding depth to skin tones and landscapes.

📌 Pro Tip: Test your water-to-paint ratio on scrap paper before applying it to your actual painting to ensure the right effect!

 

Fixing Mistakes: Lifting, Layering, and Blending to Correct Errors

Watercolors are more challenging to correct than acrylics or oils, but mistakes can still be adjusted with the right techniques.

How to Fix Watercolor Mistakes:

Lifting Wet Paint – Immediately blot with a tissue, paper towel, or sponge to remove excess pigment and create highlights.

Lifting Dry Paint – Use a damp brush or a stiff-bristle brush to gently scrub and remove dried pigment. Some colors lift easier than others—staining pigments (like Phthalo Blue) are harder to remove.

Blending Out Hard Edges – If a transition is too harsh, use a damp brush with clean water to soften and feather out the edges.

Glazing Over Mistakes – If an area looks dull or unbalanced, layer a thin glaze over it to harmonize the colors and improve contrast.

Using White Gouache for Corrections – Traditional watercolors do not use white paint, but gouache or white watercolor can help restore highlights or adjust small areas.

📌 Pro Tip: Instead of trying to "erase" mistakes, incorporate them into the painting—happy accidents can add unexpected beauty to your work!

 

Using Watercolors with Other Painting Mediums

Watercolor is a versatile medium that can be used alongside or in combination with other painting mediums. Watercolors can be successfully mixed with many other mediums, but understanding their transparent, water-reactive nature is key. Whether using ink for outlines, gouache for highlights, or acrylics for bold contrasts, thoughtful layering and planning will ensure successful combinations! Due to its water-soluble and transparent nature, it interacts differently depending on the medium. Here’s a breakdown of how watercolors work (or don’t) with various painting materials.

 

Watercolor + Other Water-Based Mediums

Watercolor + Gouache

How They Work Together: Since gouache is essentially an opaque watercolor with added white pigment, the two blend easily.

Techniques: Use gouache for highlights and bold details while keeping watercolor for transparent washes.

Best Practices: Gouache can be applied over watercolor layers, but layering watercolor over gouache may reactivate the gouache and create muddy effects.

 

Watercolor + Acrylic Paint

How They Work Together: Acrylic paint is permanent when dry, while watercolor remains rewettable. Acrylics can be used as a base, with watercolor layered on top for a resist effect.

Techniques: Use acrylic for underpainting or bold shapes, then add watercolor washes for depth.

Best Practices: Since acrylic is plastic-based, it repels watercolor when dry, so watercolor should be used first or applied with an acrylic medium for better adhesion.

 

Watercolor + Ink (India Ink, Acrylic Ink, or Water-Soluble Ink)

How They Work Together: Waterproof inks (like India ink and acrylic ink) allow watercolor to be layered over them without bleeding. Water-soluble inks, on the other hand, blend with watercolor for dynamic effects.

Techniques: Ink outlines can be used before or after watercolor application for added definition.

Best Practices: If using water-soluble ink, be aware that watercolor will reactivate it, which can be either intentional or accidental.

 

Watercolor + Watercolor Pencils/Crayons

How They Work Together: Watercolor pencils and crayons allow for controlled application before activating with water.

Techniques: Draw with pencils or crayons first, then use a brush and water to blend.

Best Practices: Harder pencils work well for fine lines; softer crayons create expressive, textured marks.

 

Watercolor + Colored Pencils

How They Work Together: Colored pencils can be used for fine details or texture over dry watercolor layers.

Techniques: Layer watercolor washes first, then refine edges or details with colored pencils.

Best Practices: Use oil-based colored pencils for smooth layering and wax-based ones for more resistance.

 

Watercolor + Graphite/Pencil Sketching

How They Work Together: Watercolor can be painted over pencil sketches, but some graphite may smudge or mix with the pigment.

Techniques: Use light sketching or waterproof graphite to prevent unwanted blending.

Best Practices: Harder graphite (H-grade) is less likely to smudge than soft graphite (B-grade).

 

Watercolor + Pastels (Soft or Oil)

How They Work Together: Soft pastels do not blend well with watercolor but can be used over dry layers. Oil pastels resist watercolor and create interesting textures.

Techniques: Apply soft pastel on top of watercolor for highlights or shading; use oil pastels to create a resist effect.

Best Practices: Fixative may be needed to prevent pastel smudging over watercolor.

 

Watercolor + Oil Paints

How They Work Together: Water and oil do not mix, making these two mediums difficult to combine. However, watercolor can be used as an underpainting on paper before applying oil paints with a separate oil-based primer.

Techniques: If using both, keep them in distinct layers or separate parts of a composition.

Best Practices: Watercolor should not be applied over oil paint, as it will not adhere properly.

 

Watercolor + Alcohol Ink

How They Work Together: Alcohol ink and watercolor repel each other due to their different bases.

Techniques: Dropping alcohol ink into wet watercolor creates unique, organic patterns.

Best Practices: Since alcohol ink stains quickly, it cannot be lifted like watercolor.

 

Watercolor + Metallic or Iridescent Mediums

How They Work Together: Metallic watercolors, inks, or acrylics can add shimmer and highlights to a watercolor painting.

Techniques: Mix metallic pigment with watercolor for luminous washes or use metallic accents on top of dried watercolor.

Best Practices: Metallic pigments can be opaque, so use them sparingly if maintaining watercolor transparency.

 

Best Practices for Mixing Watercolor with Other Mediums

Layering Order Matters: Since watercolor is rewettable, applying another medium on top (such as ink or gouache) can prevent unintended blending.

Test Before Applying: Some materials repel or reactivate watercolors unexpectedly. Always test on scrap paper first.

Use Fixatives as Needed: If combining watercolor with pastels or other dry media, a light spray fixative can help prevent smudging.

Consider Surface Choice: Watercolor paper is designed for wet media, but mixed-media paper may be better suited for combining multiple materials.

 

Using Fixatives for Watercolor

Unlike acrylic or oil paintings, watercolor paintings remain water-soluble even after drying, which makes protecting them a key concern. Applying fixatives and varnishes helps safeguard watercolor artwork, especially if it's going to be displayed without glass.

What is a Fixative?

A fixative is a spray coating designed to stabilize and protect artworks by preventing smudging, lifting, or reactivation of pigments.

Why Use a Fixative on Watercolor Paintings?

• Helps prevent accidental smudging when handling the painting.
• Provides a layer of protection before applying a varnish.
• Allows artists to frame watercolors without glass in some case.

Types of Fixatives for Watercolor

Workable Fixatives – Light coatings that allow for further painting or adjustments.

Final Fixatives – Permanent coatings that seal the painting and prevent lifting.

UV-Protectant Fixatives – Prevent fading from sunlight exposure.

How to Apply Fixative to a Watercolor Painting

1. Ensure the painting is completely dry before applying any fixative.
2. Work in a well-ventilated area (preferably outdoors or in a spray booth).
3. Use a spray fixative designed for watercolor (e.g., Krylon Workable Fixatif or Lascaux Fixative).
4. Hold the can 12–18 inches away and apply in light, even coats.
5. Allow layers to dry between applications. Avoid over-spraying, which can cause blotching.

Best Practices for Fixatives

• Test on a sample painting first to see how it affects color vibrancy.
• Avoid heavy applications, as too much fixative can darken colors.
• ⛔ Do not use hair spray as a fixative—it is not archival and can yellow over time.

 

Varnishing Watercolor Paintings

Why Varnish a Watercolor?

Varnishing is optional for watercolor paintings, but it provides a final, permanent protective layer that makes the painting more durable and allows for framing without glass.

Steps for Varnishing a Watercolor

1. Apply Fixative First – This prevents varnish from reactivating and smudging the watercolor.
2. Choose the Right Varnish –
   1. Glossy Varnish enhances vibrancy but may add glare.
   2. Matte Varnish maintains a softer look.
   3. Satin Varnish balances vibrancy with reduced glare.
3. Use a Spray Varnish – Brushed-on varnishes can reactivate watercolor and cause smudging.
4. Apply Multiple Light Coats – Let each coat dry thoroughly before adding another.

Common Varnish Brands:

• Golden Archival Spray
• Winsor & Newton Professional Varnish

📌 Pro Tip: Avoid traditional brush-on varnishes, as they can disturb the watercolor layer.

Safety Tips for Using Watercolors

Watercolors are generally one of the safest painting mediums due to their water-based composition, but there are still some important safety considerations, especially regarding pigments, ventilation, and proper handling. Practicing good hygiene, proper storage, and safe disposal methods helps ensure a worry-free creative experience.  Whether you're an artist working in a studio, a teacher using watercolors in a classroom, or a parent helping kids paint, keeping safety in mind ensures a healthier painting experience.

Understanding Pigment Safety

While many modern watercolor brands use non-toxic pigments, some professional-grade paints still contain heavy metals or toxic elements. These pigments are typically labeled with safety warnings.

⛔ Potentially Hazardous Pigments ⛔ 

• Cadmium Colors (Cadmium Red, Yellow, Orange) – May be toxic if ingested or inhaled in powder form.
• Cobalt Colors (Cobalt Blue, Cobalt Violet, Cerulean Blue) – Contains cobalt, which can cause skin irritation or toxicity if ingested.
• Manganese-Based Colors (Manganese Blue, Manganese Violet) – May cause respiratory issues if inhaled in powder form.
• Lead-Based Pigments (Found in some historic reproduction paints) – Extremely toxic; avoid use.

Safety Tips for Handling Paints

• Read Labels – Look for safety warnings such as AP (Approved Product) for non-toxic paints or CL (Cautionary Label) for pigments with known hazards.
• Avoid Ingesting Pigments – Never eat, drink, or lick a paintbrush while painting.
• Wash Hands After Painting – Especially when using potentially hazardous pigments.
• Avoid Blowing on Dry Pigments – Some artists grind their own pigments; avoid inhaling dust from powdered pigments.

Ventilation and Air Quality

• While watercolor paint does not contain strong solvents like oil or acrylic mediums, some additives can still cause mild irritation.
• If using gouache, masking fluid, or fixatives, ensure proper ventilation since some products contain ammonia or latex, which can cause respiratory irritation.
• Spray fixatives used to protect watercolor paintings should always be applied outdoors or in a well-ventilated space.
• Use a fan or open a window when working with masking fluid or fixatives.
• Avoid direct inhalation of any fumes or spray products.

Safe Water & Brush Handling

Watercolors require a lot of water, so practicing safe water habits helps prevent accidental contamination.

• ⛔ Use separate water containers for rinsing brushes and drinking water—never confuse the two!
• Change rinse water frequently to avoid pigment buildup.
• Avoid dipping fingers into rinse water if working with known toxic pigments.
• Use designated painting cups to prevent accidental drinking.
• Teach children and students proper brush-washing habits.

Safe Storage & Cleanup: Cleaning Up After Watercolor Painting

• Dispose of water properly – Some pigments contain trace metals, so avoid dumping large amounts of rinse water directly into the sink. Instead, let sediment settle, then pour clean water down the drain and dispose of the sludge safely.
• Wipe down work surfaces – Some pigments can stain or be transferred to hands.
• Keep palettes clean – Dried paint can become airborne if scraped off roughly.
• Use a rag or paper towel to wipe up excess paint and water.
• For professional studios, check local disposal guidelines for pigment-heavy waste.

Safety for Kids Using Watercolors

Children’s watercolors are usually labeled non-toxic, but adult supervision is still necessary.

• Use non-toxic, washable watercolors – Brands like Crayola, Prang, and Faber-Castell offer kid-friendly options.
• Avoid small pans and caps that could be choking hazards.
• Provide brushes with safe, smooth handles to avoid splinters.
• Ensure children wash hands after painting to prevent accidental ingestion.
• Supervise younger children and ensure they do not put brushes or paint in their mouths.
• Provide aprons or old clothes to prevent staining.

Allergy & Skin Sensitivity Considerations

Some watercolor additives, such as gum arabic, ox gall, and latex in masking fluid, may cause reactions in sensitive individuals.

• Test masking fluid on a small skin area before using extensively.
• Use synthetic brushes if allergic to natural hairbrushes (sable, squirrel).
• Wear gloves if necessary to prevent skin irritation.
• Switch to hypoallergenic or synthetic alternatives if experiencing irritation.
• If symptoms persist, discontinue use and consult a doctor.

Fire Safety (For Studio Artists)

While watercolors are not flammable, some studio materials, like fixative sprays and alcohol inks, are highly flammable.

• Store flammable materials away from heat sources.
• Never use fixatives near open flames.

 

Caring for & Storing Watercolor Supplies

Cleaning Brushes

• Rinse brushes thoroughly in lukewarm water immediately after painting to prevent paint from drying in the bristles.
• Use a gentle brush soap or mild dish soap, working it into the bristles with your fingers.
• Shape the brush tip while still wet to maintain its natural form.
• Allow brushes to dry flat or hanging bristle-down to prevent water from weakening the ferrule (metal part holding the bristles).

Storing Watercolor Paint

• Tube Paints: Store tubes cap-side up in a cool, dry place. If a cap is stuck, soak it in warm water before attempting to open.
• Pans & Dried Paint: Keep palettes covered to prevent dust buildup. If paint cracks, mist it lightly before use to soften.

Maintaining Palettes

• Preventing Mold: Allow palettes to air-dry completely before closing to prevent trapped moisture from causing mold.
• Cleaning: Wipe away old paint from mixing wells regularly with a damp cloth or sponge to keep colors fresh.

 

Archival Storage of Paintings

• Store finished paintings in acid-free sleeves or archival boxes to prevent yellowing and paper deterioration.
• Keep paintings away from direct sunlight to prevent fading.
• If framing, use UV-protective glass and acid-free matting for longevity.

 

Plein Air (Outdoor) Watercolor Painting

 

Best Supplies for Travel & Field Painting

Compact Watercolor Kits – Use a small set of half pans or travel tubes to minimize weight and space.

Water Brushes – Brushes with built-in water reservoirs eliminate the need to carry a separate water container.

Portable Palettes – Folding palettes with mixing wells help blend colors efficiently.

Field Sketchbooks – Choose watercolor-specific sketchbooks with 300 gsm paper for best results.

Lightweight Easel or Clipboards – A sturdy backing surface ensures stable painting outdoors.

Water Container & Paper Towels – Even with a water brush, carrying extra water and a cloth for cleanup is helpful.

 

How to Handle Weather Conditions

Wind:

• • Use clips or tape to secure paper to your board.
  • Position yourself behind a natural windbreak (trees, walls, or large objects).

Humidity:

• • Paint dries slower, so allow time between layers.
  • Use a hairdryer or sunlight to speed drying.

Hot Weather:

• • Paint dries too quickly, so use larger water washes.
  • Work in the shade to maintain moisture control.

Cold Weather:

• • Carry warm water in an insulated bottle.
  • Water brushes may freeze—use synthetic bristles instead of natural hairbrushes, which hold water.

 

Sketching & Planning for Quick Outdoor Studies

Start with a Simple Pencil Sketch – Outline the basic shapes and composition before adding paint.

Establish the Light & Shadow – Identify where highlights and shadows will be.

Use a Limited Color Palette – Avoid overcomplicating; stick to 3-5 key colors.

Work from Light to Dark – Begin with broad light washes, then gradually build details and contrast.

Capture the Essence Quickly – Avoid overworking; plein air studies focus on impression over perfection.

📌 Pro Tip – If conditions change or you need more details later, reference photos help finalize work indoors.

Conclusion

Watercolor is a captivating medium with endless creative possibilities. Whether exploring its history, experimenting with different types, or mastering advanced techniques, understanding watercolor can unlock new artistic potential. Happy painting!

 

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